A microphone is an acoustic-to-electric transducer that converts one form of energy into another, that is, sound energy into electrical energy.  The most common type of microphone is the dynamic.

It is beneficial to have an understanding of how the dynamic microphone works in order to help gain the best possible recording.

In a dynamic microphone, sound waves hit a thin metallic diaphragm that is attached to a coil of wire. The diaphragm vibrates the coil in response to the sound wave. A magnet that is positioned inside the coil produces a magnetic field. It is the motion of the coil in the magnetic field which generates the electrical signal. The principles are the same as those used to generate electricity.

The inner workings of a Dynamic Microphone

It is important to remember that the motion of the diaphragm produces current, and that the amount of current is determined by the speed of that motion. For this reason, dynamic microphones are known as being velocity sensitive.

There are three key advantages to a dynamic microphone:-

• They are rugged and able to handle high sound pressure levels, like those delivered by a kick drum.
• They can provide good sound quality in all areas of microphone performance.
• They are relatively cheap.

The primary weakness of the dynamic microphone is due to the fact that the sound energy has to move both the microphone diaphragm and the wire coil attached to it. The mass of the coil limits the movement of the diaphragm assembly, which in turn restricts the frequency and transient response of the microphone. This means dynamic microphones are potentially not as suitable for recording instruments with higher frequencies, overtones and harmonics, such as a violin.

Summary

Dynamic microphones can be used for many applications, produce an excellent sound and are suitably rugged. They are best avoided when recording high frequency content on an important recording. The sound produced from a dynamic microphone can be described as being mellow and well rounded.

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